Effect of Moisture Content in Beef on Reflection and Dielectric Measurement using Coaxial Reflection Probes
Keywords:
Dielectric Constant, Loss Factor, Moisture Content, Complex Reflection Coefficient,Abstract
Open-ended coaxial probe and Agilent 85070E High Temperature Probe were used in conjunction with Agilent E8362B PNA Network Analyzer from 200 MHz to 20 GHz for moisture detection in beef. The open-ended coaxial probe was fabricated from SMA stub contact. A high-temperature probe was used to measure dielectric properties, ε* viz. dielectric constant, ε’ and loss factor, ε” of beef. Complex reflection coefficient, Г was measured for different moisture content (mc) of beef. It would be compared with the measured Г from High Temperature Probe to verify the performance of coaxial probe. ε’ increases when mc increases. However, ε” exhibit opposite response with mc. Measured |Г| via both probes decreases when frequency and mc increases. Meanwhile, negative phase, - ϕ increases due to the increment of frequency or mc. The results show that measured ε and Г provides significant results for predicting mc. However, ϕ is indistinguishable among different mc of beef.References
Peter W., “Nutritional composition of red meat,” Nutr. & Dietetics, vol. 64, pp. 113-119, 2007.
Tarn J.Q., and K.C. Weng, “A study of coupling of moisture diffusion and heat conduction,” J. Chin. Inst. Eng., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 201-210, 2011.
Liao K.C., and K.H. Lin, “Effects of thermal and moisture absorption on contact forces of electronic connectors,” J. Chin. Inst. Eng., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 771-777, 2011.
Aishah S., M. Fareq, E. M. Cheng, K. Y. Lee, W. C. Tan, M. Afendi, A. B. Shahriman, N. F. Mohd Nasir, W.H. Tan, K. N. Syahirah, K. Y. You, and S. F. Khor, “Study on moisture content in animal fats using Six-Port Reflectometer (SPR),” in Proc. Int. Conf. Biomed. Eng., Georgetown, Penang, 2015, pp. 1-5.
Anne Listrat, Bénédicte Lebret, Isabelle Louveau, Thierry Astruc, Muriel Bonnet, Louis Lefaucheur, Brigitte Picard, and Jérôme Bugeon. “How Muscle Structure and Composition Influence Meat and Flesh Quality,” Sci. World J., vol. 2016, pp. 1-14, 2016.
Sari Edelstein, Food Science: An Ecological Approach. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2014.
A.E. Claflin, “Rapid Determination of Moisture and Fat in Meats by Microwave and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis (MSc Thesis),” unpublished.
Jung E.Y., Y.H. Hwang, and S.T. Joo, “The Relationship between Chemical Compositions, Meat Quality, and Palatability of the 10 Primal Cuts from Hanwoo Steer.” Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Res., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 145–151, 2016.
L. M. L. Nollet, and F. Toldrá, Handbook of Muscle Foods Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Vikram K., C.G. Jean, B. Andrea, B. Alexander, and E. Håkan, “Online measurement of water content in candidate reference materials by acousto-optical tuneable filter near-infrared spectrometry (AOTFNIR) using pork meat calibrants controlled by Karl Fischer titration,” edited By H.D. Isengard, and M. Mathlouthi. Food Chem., vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 1359–1365, 2008.
Leffler T.P., C.R. Moser, B.J. McManus, J.J. Urh, J.T. Keeton, and A. Claflin, “Determination of moisture and fat in meats by microwave and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis: collaborative study,” J. AOAC Int, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 802-810, 2008.
Sørland G.H., P.M. Larsen, F. Lundby, A.P. Rudi, and T. Guiheneuf, “Determination of total fat and moisture content in meat using low field NMR,” Meat Sci., vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 543-550, 2004.
K.Y. You, and Z. Abbas, “Fringing Field Correction of Admittance Model for Open-Ended Coaxial Sensor,” IEEE SENS. J., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1468-1469, 2012.
Anderson J.M., G.B. Gajda, and S.S. Stuchly, “Analysis of an openended coaxial line sensor in layer dielectric,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-35, no. 1, pp. 13-18, 1986.
Misra D, “A quasi-static analysis of open-ended coaxial lines.” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 925-928, 1987.
Stuchly M.A., M.M. Brady, S.S. Stuchly, G. Gadja, “Equivalent circuit of an open-ended coaxial line in a lossy material,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. IM-31, no. 2, pp. 116-119, 1982.
E.M. Cheng, M. Fareq, Shahriman A. B., Mohd Afendi, Zulkarnay Z., S. F. Khor, Liyana Z., Nashrul Fazli M. N., W. H. Tan, N. S. M. Noorpi, N. M. Mukhtar and M. Othman, “Development of Low Cost Microwave Detection System for Salinity and Sugar Detection,” Int. J. Mech. & Mechatron. Eng., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 59-71, 2014.
E. M. Cheng, Z. Abbas, MohamedFareq AbdulMalek, K. Y. Lee, K. Y. You, S. F. Khor, J. Hassan, and H. Zainuddin, “Finite Difference Analysis of an Open-Ended, Coaxial Sensor Made of Semi- Rigid Coaxial Cable for Determination of Moisture in Tenera Oil Palm Fruit,” ACES J., vol. 31, no.10, October 2016.
Cheng, E.M., M.F.B.A. Malek, M. Ahmed, K.Y. You, K.Y. Lee, and H. Nornikman, “The use of dielectric mixture equations to analyze the dielectric properties of a mixture of rubber tire dust and rice husks in a microwave absorber.” Prog. in Electromagn. Res., vol. 129, pp. 559- 578, 2012.
Abbas Z., K.Y. You, A.H. Shaari, K. Khalid, J. Hassan, and E. Saion, “Complex Permittivity and Moisture Measurements of Oil Palm Fruits Using an Open-Ended Coaxial Sensor,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1281-1287, 2005.
Greenwood D.A., H.R. Kraybill, and B.S. Schweigert, “Amino acid composition of fresh and cooked beef cuts,” J. Biol. Chem., vol. 193, pp. 23-28, 1951.
You, K.Y., and A. Zulkifly, “Open-Ended Coaxial Sensor Handbook: Formulations, Microwave Measurements and Applications,” Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT AGREEMENT
The manuscript is herewith submitted for publication in the Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC). It has not been published before, and it is not under consideration for publication in any other journals. It contains no material that is scandalous, obscene, libelous or otherwise contrary to law. When the manuscript is accepted for publication, I, as the author, hereby agree to transfer to JTEC, all rights including those pertaining to electronic forms and transmissions, under existing copyright laws, except for the following, which the author(s) specifically retain(s):
- All proprietary right other than copyright, such as patent rights
- The right to make further copies of all or part of the published article for my use in classroom teaching
- The right to reuse all or part of this manuscript in a compilation of my own works or in a textbook of which I am the author; and
- The right to make copies of the published work for internal distribution within the institution that employs me
I agree that copies made under these circumstances will continue to carry the copyright notice that appears in the original published work. I agree to inform my co-authors, if any, of the above terms. I certify that I have obtained written permission for the use of text, tables, and/or illustrations from any copyrighted source(s), and I agree to supply such written permission(s) to JTEC upon request.